What mechanical engineering services does Forgepoint offer?

Forgepoint provides SolidWorks 3D modelling, engineering drawing packs, FEA analysis, process pipework design (including P&ID and pipe stress), pressure vessel design to BS PD 5500 and EN 13445, structural fabrication design, CNC parts sourcing, and industrial automation design.

Where is Forgepoint Mechanical Design based?

Forgepoint is based in Hyde, Greater Manchester. We work remotely across the UK and can attend site in the North West, Yorkshire, the Midlands and beyond.

Do you work on defence, nuclear or aerospace projects?

Yes. Forgepoint actively pursues work in defence, nuclear and aerospace manufacturing sectors, where precision, documentation discipline and code compliance are essential. We are familiar with the quality and traceability requirements common in these sectors.

What software does Forgepoint use?

Forgepoint uses SolidWorks for 3D modelling and assembly design, and holds a personal commercial licence. Supporting tools include standard engineering analysis software for FEA, pipe stress and pressure calculations.

How does Forgepoint charge for engineering work?

We work on a day rate or fixed-price project basis depending on scope. There is no project office overhead — you work directly with the engineer. Contact us on 07549 032776 to discuss your project.

What design codes and standards does Forgepoint work to?

Forgepoint works to ASME B31.3 (process piping), EN 13480 (metallic industrial piping), BS PD 5500 and EN 13445 (pressure vessels), ASME VIII Division 1, BS 8888 (engineering drawings), CDM 2015, and industry-specific standards as required by the project.

Where Schedule Numbers Come From

The pipe schedule system originated in the early twentieth century as a standardised way of specifying pipe wall thickness. Prior to standardisation, pipe manufacturers used their own wall thickness designations — Standard Weight (STD), Extra Strong (XS) and Double Extra Strong (XXS) — which gave no direct indication of pressure capacity and varied

How Schedule Numbers Relate to Wall Thickness

The relationship between schedule number, nominal pipe size and wall thickness is defined in ASME B36.10M. The formula behind the schedule numbering system is:

Standard Weight, Extra Strong and XXS

The legacy designations — STD, XS and XXS — predate the schedule system and remain in common use, particularly in older specifications, oil and gas applications, and general industrial pipework. Their relationship to schedule numbers is:

ASME B36.10 vs ASME B36.19

Two separate ASME standards govern pipe dimensions:

Pressure Capacity — The Barlow Formula

The pressure capacity of a pipe is calculated using the Barlow formula (or the more complete Lamé equation for thick-walled pipe, but Barlow is used for the vast majority of standard process pipework):

Allowable Stress Values

The allowable stress S is not fixed — it is a function of both material grade and operating temperature, taken from the governing code's stress tables. For carbon steel A106 Grade B at ambient temperature, the allowable stress per ASME B31.3 is approximately 137.9 MPa (20,000 psi). At 400°C, it drops to approximately 82.7 MPa. This temperature depe

What ASME B16.5 Covers

ASME B16.5 is the American Society of Mechanical Engineers standard for pipe flanges and flanged fittings from NPS ½" through NPS 24". It defines seven pressure classes — 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 — and for each class specifies the physical dimensions (bolt circle, number of bolts, flange OD, thickness, raised face diameter) and the p

The Class Number Is Not a Pressure Rating

This point is worth stating explicitly because the misconception is widespread. The pressure class number — 150, 300, 600 and so on — is a historical size designation inherited from earlier standards. It does not directly correspond to any pressure value in psi, bar or any other unit.

ASME B16.5 assigns every acceptable flange material to a material group. The group determines the pressure-temperature rating for a given class. Groups are numbered 1.1 through 3.19, broadly categorised as:

Reading the Pressure-Temperature Tables

The P-T tables in ASME B16.5 list the maximum allowable non-shock working pressure in psi (or bar in the SI edition) at a series of temperatures from −29°C to the material's maximum service temperature. To find the rating for a given flange:

Representative P-T Ratings — Group 1.1 Carbon Steel (A105)

The following values are representative of ASME B16.5 Table 2-1.1 for Group 1.1 materials (carbon steel, the most common flange material):

Why Austenitic Stainless Has Lower Ratings Than Carbon Steel

Engineers frequently assume that stainless steel flanges, being more expensive and corrosion-resistant, must be stronger. In terms of pressure-temperature rating, this is generally not correct at elevated temperatures.

Reading the Designation — What S275 and S355 Actually Mean

Both grades are specified to BS EN 10025, the European standard for hot-rolled products of structural steels. The designation follows a defined format:

Yield Strength Reduction with Thickness

Neither S275 nor S355 delivers its headline yield strength at all thicknesses. ASME B36.10 permits wall tolerances; similarly, EN 10025 specifies yield strength as a function of product thickness:

Tensile Strength and Elongation

The Young's modulus is identical for both grades — 210 GPa — and this single fact has significant implications for grade selection, covered in detail below. Elongation is marginally lower for S355 but both grades are highly ductile and this rarely affects practical design decisions.

Chemical Composition and Weldability

S355 achieves its higher strength primarily through a higher carbon and manganese content compared to S275. Typical maximum values from EN 10025-2:

The Sub-Grade Suffixes — Impact Testing

The suffix after the strength designation defines the Charpy V-notch impact test temperature and the minimum absorbed energy. This is the toughness specification — how the material behaves when subjected to sudden impact loads at low temperature, relevant for structures in cold environments, cryogenic service adjacent plant, or where brittle fractu

The Critical Point — Young's Modulus Is Identical

S275 and S355 have the same Young's modulus: 210 GPa. Stiffness — resistance to deflection — is a function of modulus and section geometry, not yield strength. This single fact determines when S355 adds value and when it does not.

Understanding the Grades: Composition First

The properties of any stainless steel are driven primarily by its alloying elements. Understanding the composition of each grade is the starting point for understanding its behaviour in service.

304L — The Baseline Austenitic

Grade 304L (EN 1.4307) is an 18% chromium, 8% nickel austenitic stainless steel. The "L" suffix denotes low carbon — a maximum of 0.03% C versus 0.07% for standard 304. Chromium content sits at 17.5–19.5%, nickel at 8–10.5%.

316L — Molybdenum Added

Grade 316L (EN 1.4404) is a 316-family austenitic with the same basic 18/10 chromium-nickel structure but with the addition of 2–3% molybdenum. This single addition has a disproportionately large effect on corrosion resistance — specifically on resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride-containing environments.

Duplex 2205 — A Different Microstructure

Duplex 2205 (EN 1.4462, UNS S31803/S32205) is fundamentally different from the two austenitic grades above. Its microstructure is approximately 50% austenite and 50% ferrite — a dual-phase structure that gives it a combination of properties neither phase achieves alone. Its composition is approximately 22% Cr, 5% Ni, 3% Mo, and 0.14% nitrogen.

Mechanical Properties

The strength advantage of duplex is significant. On a pressure-containing system, the higher allowable stress means thinner walls can be specified to achieve the same design pressure — partially offsetting the material cost premium, particularly at larger diameters and higher pressure classes.

Corrosion Resistance — The PREN Number

The Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) is a calculated index used to rank stainless alloys by their resistance to pitting corrosion. It is not a precise engineering value — it cannot be used to determine a safe chloride concentration — but it is a widely used comparative tool.

BS EN 10204:2004 is the European standard that defines the types of inspection documents for metallic products. It does not specify what tests must be performed — that is the job of the product standard (EN 10025, EN 10216, ASTM A312 etc.). What EN 10204 defines is the nature of the certification accompanying the test results: who performed the tes

Type 2.1 and 2.2 — What They Do Not Guarantee

A 2.1 Declaration of Compliance states that the product complies with the order specification — but it contains no test data and the statement is not based on specific testing of the material being supplied. It is the manufacturer's word that their product meets the standard. For non-critical applications such as general structural steelwork, fixin

Type 3.1 — The Standard for Engineered Applications

A 3.1 Inspection Certificate is the workhorse document for engineered metallic products. It contains specific test results for the actual material being supplied — identified by a unique heat number (also called cast number or melt number) — and is issued by the manufacturer's own authorised inspection representative, who is independent of the prod

Type 3.2 — Independent Witness

A 3.2 Inspection Certificate carries all the content of a 3.1 but is additionally countersigned by an inspector independent of the manufacturer — typically a notified body, a third-party inspection agency (Bureau Veritas, Lloyds Register, TÜV, SGS etc.), or in some cases a representative of the purchaser.

What Is on a 3.1 Certificate — Field by Field

A well-formed 3.1 certificate will contain the following information. Knowing what each field represents is the basis for checking it correctly.

Product Description and Standard Reference

The product form (pipe, plate, bar, forging, fitting), the applicable product standard (e.g. EN 10216-5, ASTM A312), and the material grade designation (e.g. 316L / 1.4404, S355J2+N). This is the first thing to check — the grade on the certificate must match the grade on the order.

The finite element method is a numerical technique for solving differential equations over complex geometries — most commonly the equations governing stress, strain, heat transfer, fluid flow, or electromagnetic fields in engineering structures. The term "finite element analysis" in mechanical engineering almost exclusively refers to structural str

Types of FEA Analysis

Not all FEA is the same. The type of analysis appropriate for a given problem depends on what is being assessed — and using the wrong analysis type will give results that are either unconservative or so conservative as to be unhelpful.

Linear Static Analysis

The most common type. Assumes the structure is linearly elastic (stress proportional to strain, material behaviour governed by Hooke's law), that displacements are small (geometry does not change significantly under load), and that the load is static (no dynamic effects). The result is a stress and displacement field for a single load case.

Non-linearity comes in three forms, and distinguishing between them matters:

Modal and Frequency Response Analysis

Modal analysis finds the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure — the frequencies at which it will resonate if excited. Frequency response analysis then predicts the amplitude of vibration under a sinusoidal exciting force across a range of frequencies. These analyses are required when vibration is a concern — rotating machinery, pipewo

Transient Dynamic Analysis

Predicts the structural response to a time-varying load — an impact, a pressure surge, an explosion, a seismic event. More computationally intensive than frequency response and requires careful definition of the time history of the applied load, which itself is often uncertain.

Drawing vs 3D Model — What to Send

The most common question from engineers specifying machined parts for the first time is whether to send the 3D CAD model or a 2D drawing. The answer depends on the complexity and precision requirements of the part.

The Title Block — What Must Be There

The title block is read before anything else on the drawing. Missing or incorrect information here causes confusion at every stage from ordering to inspection. A complete title block includes:

Material Specification — Be Specific

The material callout on a machined part drawing is one of the most critical and most frequently under-specified pieces of information. "Stainless steel" is not a material specification. "Aluminium" is not a material specification. The machinist needs a full grade designation sufficient to order the correct material from a stockholder.

Tolerances — The Single Most Important Factor in Cost

Tolerances drive machining cost more than almost any other drawing requirement. A 0.01mm tolerance requires a grinding operation; a 0.1mm tolerance can be held on a standard CNC milling centre; a 0.5mm tolerance can often be held without a finish pass. The cost difference between these is significant. Specifying tighter tolerances than the function

General Tolerances — BS EN ISO 2768

BS EN ISO 2768 defines general tolerances for linear dimensions, angular dimensions, and geometric form and orientation, in four classes:

Critical Dimensions — Explicit Tolerances

Any dimension that is critical to function — a bearing bore, a shaft diameter, a sealing face width, a bolt pattern location, a register diameter — must be explicitly dimensioned with its individual tolerance. Do not rely on the general tolerance for any feature where the acceptable range is tighter than the general class provides, or where the con

The Standard — BS EN ISO 2553

BS EN ISO 2553:2019 is the current standard for symbolic representation of welds on drawings, replacing the earlier BS 499-2 and harmonising the European and ISO systems. Drawings produced to the older BS 499-2 remain in circulation — the fundamental symbol logic is similar but some details differ, particularly in the representation of butt weld pr

Anatomy of a Weld Symbol

Every weld symbol has the same basic structure, built around a horizontal reference line with an arrow pointing to the joint location. Understanding the geometry of this structure is the foundation for reading any weld symbol.

The Reference Line and Arrow

The reference line is a horizontal line. The arrow line connects the reference line to the joint being specified — the arrow points directly at the weld location on the drawing. The end of the reference line opposite the arrow may carry a tail, used for supplementary information such as welding process references or standards.

Forgepoint Mechanical Design — Engineering Design and Consultancy, Manchester

Pipework

Published

Pipe Schedule Selection — When to Use Sch 40, 80 or 160

Schedule numbers explained from first principles. How pressure, temperature and material interact to determine the right wall thickness — and why over-specifying costs more than you think.

~11 min readPipework · Standards

Flanges

Published

ASME B16.5 Flange Classes — Pressure-Temperature Ratings Explained

Class 150 through 2500 demystified. Why the same flange can hold different pressures at different temperatures, and how to read the P-T rating tables correctly.

~12 min readFlanges · ASME

Materials

Published

S275 vs S355 — Which Structural Steel Grade Do You Actually Need?

The practical difference between the two most common UK structural grades. When the extra yield strength of S355 is worth it, and when S275 does the job at lower cost.

~12 min readMaterials · Structural

Materials

Published

304L vs 316L vs Duplex — Stainless Steel Grades for Process Pipework

A practical guide to choosing between the three most common stainless grades. Chloride limits, temperature constraints, cost differences and when duplex becomes worth the premium.

~12 min readMaterials · Corrosion

Documentation

Published

Understanding Mill Certificates — What to Check and Why They Matter

What a 3.1 or 3.2 mill certificate actually tells you, what to verify against the order specification, and the common discrepancies that get missed on site.

~11 min readDocumentation · QA

Analysis

Published

What is FEA and When Do You Actually Need It?

Finite element analysis is frequently over-sold and under-explained. This article covers what it can and can't tell you, when a hand calculation is sufficient, and how to avoid drawing the wrong conclusions from a colour plot.

~13 min readAnalysis · FEA

CNC & Manufacture

Published

Specifying CNC Machined Parts — What Information Your Machinist Needs

The information gaps that cause delays, reruns and cost overruns on machined parts. Tolerances, surface finish, material callout, datum scheme — what to include and how to communicate it clearly.

~12 min readCNC · Drawing Practice

Drawing Practice

Published

Understanding Weld Symbols on Engineering Drawings

BS EN ISO 2553 weld symbols decoded. Fillet, butt, plug, spot — reading the arrow side, other side and tail notation without needing a reference card every time.

~12 min readWelding · Drawings

Pressure Equipment

Published

PED, BS PD 5500 and EN 13445 — Pressure Vessel Design Explained

The three frameworks most UK engineers encounter when designing pressure vessels. Which applies when, how they relate to each other, and what the Pressure Equipment Directive actually requires of you.

~13 min readPressure Equipment · Compliance

Compliance

Published

CDM 2015 for Mechanical Engineers — What You Actually Need to Know

The Construction Design and Management Regulations as they apply to mechanical design work. Principal designer duties, design risk elimination, and what goes in the health and safety file.

~12 min readCDM · Compliance

Design Practice

Published

How to Write a Good Engineering Brief

The information that makes the difference between a clean first-pass design and three rounds of revision. What to include, what assumptions to state explicitly, and how to define the envelope your engineer is working within.

~11 min readProcess · Briefing

Drawing Practice

Published

How to Read an Engineering Drawing — A Practical Guide

Third-angle projection, tolerancing, title block, revision history, GD&T basics — a ground-up guide for anyone who needs to read or approve engineering drawings without a formal background in the subject.

~13 min readDrawings · Reference

Pipework

Published

Pipe Stress Analysis — When Thermal Expansion Becomes a Structural Problem

Why pipework moves, what happens when it can't, and how to design piping systems that accommodate thermal growth without overstressing equipment nozzles or supports. Caesar II, expansion loops, and when to worry.

~13 min readPipework · Stress Analysis

Sealing & Joints

Published

Bolted Flange Joint Integrity — Why Joints Leak and How to Prevent It

Gasket selection, bolt load calculation, joint efficiency, and the effect of thermal cycling. Most flange joint leaks are preventable — and most trace back to errors made at design or assembly, not at manufacture.

~13 min readFlanges · Sealing

Process Equipment

Published

Heat Exchanger Selection — Shell and Tube, Plate and Spiral Compared

The three principal heat exchanger types, their thermal and hydraulic performance, fouling characteristics, maintenance requirements and typical applications. How to select the right type for a given duty before the thermal design begins.

~13 min readHeat Transfer · Process Equipment

Process Equipment

Published

Pump Selection — Centrifugal vs Positive Displacement

The fundamental operating principles of each pump type, their performance characteristics, how viscosity and head affect selection, and the operating envelope in which each excels. Avoiding the most common pump specification errors.

~14 min readRotating Equipment · Hydraulics

Compliance

Published

ATEX Equipment Selection for Non-Electrical Engineers

Zone classification, equipment categories, gas groups, temperature classes — what each designation means and how to specify ATEX-compliant mechanical and electrical equipment in potentially explosive atmospheres without a specialist background.

~13 min readATEX · Hazardous Areas · Compliance

Materials

Published

Understanding Corrosion — Galvanic, Pitting, Crevice and Erosion-Corrosion

The four corrosion mechanisms that cause most preventable engineering failures. How each mechanism works, which material and design combinations are vulnerable, and the practical design decisions that stop corrosion before it starts.

~14 min readMaterials · Corrosion · Design

Design Practice

Published

Engineering Change Control — Managing Design Revisions Without Losing Traceability

How to run a change control process that prevents the wrong revision reaching the fabricator, maintains a clear audit trail, and protects the integrity of as-built documentation. The practical minimum for any engineering project.

~12 min readDocumentation · QA · Design Practice

Compliance

Published

LOLER and Lifting Equipment — What Mechanical Engineers Need to Know

The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations as they apply to designed lifting points, pad eyes, lifting beams and spreader frames. What to design, what to certify, and how LOLER interacts with CDM and the Machinery Directive.

~13 min readLOLER · Compliance · Lifting

Sealing & Joints

Published

Gasket Selection — Types, Materials and Correct Application

Spiral wound, ring joint, PTFE, compressed non-asbestos fibre — what each gasket type is, its applicable pressure and temperature range, and how to match gasket selection to flange class, fluid service and operating conditions.

~13 min readSealing · Flanges · Pipework

Process Equipment

Published

Control Valve Sizing — Cv, Flow Coefficient and Why It Matters

How control valves are sized, what the flow coefficient Cv represents, and what happens when a valve is over- or under-sized. Practical guidance on specifying control valves that actually control — not just open and close.

~14 min readControl Valves · Process · Instrumentation

Automation

Published

Industrial Robots — Types, Manufacturers and How to Select the Right One

Articulated, SCARA, delta, Cartesian, collaborative — the major robot types, the key manufacturers and models, and a practical framework for matching robot architecture to application.

~14 min readAutomation · Robotics · Integration

Manufacturing Processes

Published

Rotary Tube Piercing — How Seamless Pipe Is Made

The Mannesmann process explained — how a solid steel billet becomes a seamless tube without ever being drilled or welded. Cross-roll piercing mechanics, elongation mills, and why seamless pipe commands a premium over welded.

~12 min readManufacturing · Pipework · Materials

Pressure Vessels · Materials

Published

Low Temperature Pressure Vessels — Metallurgical Implications of Sub-Zero Service

Why cold kills carbon steel. Ductile-to-brittle transition, Charpy impact testing, ASME UCS-66 exemption curves, material selection from −29°C to −196°C, and what the codes actually require when the temperature goes below zero.

~15 min readPressure Vessels · Metallurgy · Cryogenics

Process Piping · Codes

Published

ASME B31.3 Process Piping — A Practical Guide

Scope, fluid categories, wall thickness design, allowable stresses, quality factors, flexibility analysis, examination requirements and pressure testing. What the code actually requires at every stage of a process piping project.

~16 min readProcess Piping · ASME · Design

Process Engineering · Documentation

Published

P&ID Reading and Drawing Guide — Symbols, Tags and Control Loops

How to read and produce Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams. ISA 5.1 symbology, instrument identification tags, control loop notation, safety instrumented systems, line designations and how the P&ID fits into the project lifecycle.

~14 min readP&ID · Instrumentation · Process

Process Safety · Pressure Relief

Published

Pressure Relief Valves — Sizing, Selection and Code Requirements

Overpressure scenarios, set pressure and accumulation, API 520 sizing equations for vapour, liquid and steam, back pressure effects, conventional vs balanced bellows vs pilot-operated valves, rupture discs, and installation requirements.

~15 min readProcess Safety · API 520 · Relief Systems

Fasteners · Pressure Service

Published

Fasteners for Pressure Service — ASTM A193, A194 and EN ISO 898

Stud bolt and nut material grades for flanged joints in process piping and pressure vessels. B7/2H, L7/4, B8M/8M, and their EN equivalents — what each grade offers, temperature limits, sour service hardness requirements, and why the wrong fastener is one of the most common causes of flange joint leakage.

~12 min readFasteners · Flanges · Materials

Food & Pharma · Design Practice

Published

Hygienic Design Principles — Engineering for Food, Pharma and Bioprocessing

EHEDG and ASME BPE principles applied to process equipment. Surface finish requirements, dead leg limits, self-draining geometry, weld quality standards, hygienic connections, CIP design, material selection, and the common design errors that create contamination risk no amount of cleaning can reliably eliminate.

~14 min readHygienic Design · EHEDG · ASME BPE · CIP

Manufacturing · Additive

Published

Metal Additive Manufacturing — Processes, Materials and New Developments

LPBF, WAAM, DED, binder jetting and electron beam processes compared. Material properties vs wrought equivalents, design for additive, topology optimisation, qualification challenges, and the new developments — multi-laser productivity, in-situ monitoring, AI-driven process control and emerging materials — that are reshaping what the technology can do.

~15 min readAdditive Manufacturing · 3D Printing · Materials

NDT · Inspection · Welding

Published

NDT Methods for Welds and Pressure Equipment

RT, UT, MT, PT and PAUT explained — when to use each method, what they find, weld quality acceptance levels per EN ISO 5817 and ASME Section V, and how to specify examination scope in engineering documents.

~14 min readNDT · Welding · Quality Assurance

Valves · Process Engineering

Published

Valve Selection for Process Service — Types, Standards and Criteria

Gate, globe, ball, butterfly, needle, diaphragm and check valves compared — selection criteria, pressure ratings, material selection, ASME/API standards and when each type is the right choice for process piping service.

~13 min readProcess Engineering · Valves · Piping

Pipe Supports · Pipework Design

Published

Pipe Support Design — Types, Spacing and Selection

Resting supports, guides, anchors, spring hangers and pipe shoes explained — support spacing calculations, the three load types, ASME B31.3 requirements and common design errors that cause pipework failures.

~12 min readProcess Engineering · Pipe Supports · ASME B31.3

GD&T · Tolerances · Engineering Drawings

Published

Engineering Tolerances, Fits and GD&T — A Practical Guide

ISO 286 tolerance system, hole/shaft basis fits, clearance and interference fits, and GD&T symbols for flatness, straightness, roundness, cylindricity and positional tolerance — how to read and specify them correctly on engineering drawings.

~12 min readEngineering Drawings · Tolerances · GD&T · Machined Parts

Instrumentation · Process Engineering

Published

Process Instrumentation Fundamentals — Pressure, Temperature, Level and Flow

How pressure transmitters, thermocouples, RTDs, guided wave radar level instruments and Coriolis flow meters actually work — and how to select the right measurement technology for process service conditions.

~13 min readInstrumentation · Process Engineering · Measurement

Betrieb	Gehäusewerkstoff	Garniturwerkstoff	Sitzwerkstoff
Allgemeiner Kohlenstoffstahlbetrieb, Umgebung bis 400°C	ASTM A216 WCB Gusskohlenstoffstahl	13Cr Edelstahl	13Cr oder 316SS
Tieftemperaturbetrieb (−46°C bis −196°C)	ASTM A352 LCC oder LCB	316SS	316SS oder PTFE
Edelstahl / korrosiver Betrieb	ASTM A351 CF8M (316SS-Äquivalent)	316SS	316SS oder PTFE
Sauergasbetrieb (H₂S)	ASTM A216 WCB + NACE MR0175	17-4PH oder Hartauftragsschweißung	Metall auf Metall
Hochtemperaturdampf (>427°C)	ASTM A217 WC6 oder WC9	Stellit-Hartauftragsschweißung	Stellit

Service	Corps	Garniture	Siège
Acier carbone, ambiant à 400°C	ASTM A216 WCB	13Cr inox	13Cr ou 316SS
Basse température (−46°C à −196°C)	ASTM A352 LCC/LCB	316SS	316SS ou PTFE
Inox / corrosif	ASTM A351 CF8M	316SS	316SS ou PTFE
Service acide H₂S / NACE MR0175	A216 WCB ou CF8M + NACE	17-4PH ou Stellite	Métal sur métal
Vapeur >427°C	ASTM A217 WC6/WC9	Stellite	Stellite

Servicio	Cuerpo	Guarnición	Asiento
Acero al carbono, ambiente a 400°C	ASTM A216 WCB	13Cr inoxidable	13Cr o 316SS
Baja temperatura (−46°C a −196°C)	ASTM A352 LCC/LCB	316SS	316SS o PTFE
Inoxidable / corrosivo	ASTM A351 CF8M	316SS	316SS o PTFE
Servicio ácido H₂S / NACE MR0175	A216 WCB o CF8M + NACE	17-4PH o Stellite	Metal sobre metal
Vapor >427°C	ASTM A217 WC6/WC9	Stellite	Stellite

Dienst	Huismateriaal	Inwendig	Zitting
Koolstofstaal, omgeving tot 400°C	ASTM A216 WCB	13Cr roestvast	13Cr of 316SS
Lage temperatuur (−46°C tot −196°C)	ASTM A352 LCC/LCB	316SS	316SS of PTFE
Roestvast / corrosief	ASTM A351 CF8M	316SS	316SS of PTFE
Zure gasservice H₂S / NACE MR0175	A216 WCB of CF8M + NACE	17-4PH of Stelliet	Metaal op metaal
Stoom >427°C	ASTM A217 WC6/WC9	Stelliet	Stelliet

Service	Body Material	Trim Material	Seat Material
General carbon steel service, ambient to 400°C	ASTM A216 WCB cast carbon steel	13Cr stainless	13Cr or 316SS
Low-temperature (−46°C to −196°C)	ASTM A352 LCC or LCB	316SS	316SS or PTFE
Stainless steel / corrosive service	ASTM A351 CF8M (316SS equivalent)	316SS	316SS or PTFE
Sour gas service (H₂S)	ASTM A216 WCB or A351 CF8M + NACE MR0175 compliance	17-4PH or hard-faced	Metal-to-metal
High-temperature steam (>427°C)	ASTM A217 WC6 (1.25Cr-0.5Mo) or WC9	Stellite hard-faced	Stellite
Cryogenic LNG/LN₂	ASTM A352 LC3 or A351 CF8M	316SS	PCTFE or PEEK

Passungsart	Merkmal	Typische Anwendungen	Beispiel (Einheitsbohrung)
Laufpassung	Garantiertes Spiel. Welle dreht frei in Bohrung.	Gleitlager, Zapfenlager, drehende Wellen	H7/f7, H8/f8
Gleitsitz	Kleines garantiertes Spiel. Welle gleitet, dreht aber nicht.	Gleitkeile, Zentrierstifte	H7/g6
Enger Gleitsitz	Sehr kleines Spiel. Ortsgenau, aber demontierbar.	Präzisionszentrierung	H7/h6
Übergangspassung	Kann Spiel oder Übermaß haben. Leichtes Einpressen erforderlich bei Übermaß.	Keile, Kupplungsnaben, Zahnradflanken	H7/k6, H7/n6
Presspassung (leicht)	Garantiertes Übermaß. Montage durch Pressen. Demontage möglich.	Zahnradflanken, Riemenscheiben, Buchsen	H7/p6, H7/r6
Presspassung (schwer)	Großes Übermaß. Erwärmen/Kühlen für Montage. Demontage zerstörend.	Dauerverbindungen, Wuchtpassungen	H7/s6, H7/u6

Type	Caractéristique	Applications	Exemple
Ajustement glissant	Jeu garanti. Rotation libre.	Paliers lisses, arbres rotatifs	H7/f7
Glissant serré	Petit jeu. Glissement sans rotation.	Clavettes coulissantes	H7/g6
Incertain	Jeu ou serrage léger possible.	Clavettes, moyeux de couplage	H7/k6
Serrage léger	Serrage garanti, démontable.	Poulies, bagues	H7/p6
Serrage fort	Grand serrage, montage à chaud/froid.	Assemblages permanents	H7/s6

Tipo	Característica	Aplicaciones	Ejemplo
Ajuste con juego	Juego garantizado. Rotación libre.	Cojinetes lisos, ejes giratorios	H7/f7
Ajuste deslizante	Pequeño juego. Desliza sin girar.	Chaveteros deslizantes	H7/g6
Ajuste indeterminado	Puede tener juego o interferencia ligera.	Chavetas, cubos de acoplamiento	H7/k6
Apriete ligero	Interferencia garantizada, desmontable.	Poleas, casquillos	H7/p6
Apriete fuerte	Gran interferencia, montaje a temperatura.	Uniones permanentes	H7/s6

Type	Kenmerk	Toepassingen	Voorbeeld
Looppassing	Gegarandeerd spel. As draait vrij.	Glijlagers, roterende assen	H7/f7
Glijpassing	Klein gegarandeerd spel. Glijdt zonder te draaien.	Spiegleuven, centreerpennen	H7/g6
Overgangspassing	Kan spel of lichte persin hebben.	Spieën, koppelingsnaaf	H7/k6
Lichte perssing	Gegarandeerde perssing, demonteerbaar.	Riemschijven, bussen	H7/p6
Zware perssing	Grote perssing, montage door verwarmen/koelen.	Permanente verbindingen	H7/s6

配合类型	特征	典型应用举例	典型代号
间隙配合（Clearance）	孔始终大于轴，始终有正间隙	滑动轴承轴颈、活塞与缸套	H7/f7、H7/g6
过渡配合（Transition）	可能有间隙也可能有过盈，取决于实际尺寸	联轴器轮毂、精密定位（可拆）	H7/k6、H7/n6
过盈配合（Interference）	轴始终大于孔，始终有负间隙（过盈）	滚动轴承内圈与轴、永久压配件	H7/p6、H7/s6、H7/u6

Fit Type	Characteristic	Typical Applications	Example (hole basis)
Running clearance	Guaranteed clearance at all limits. Shaft rotates freely in hole.	Plain bearings, journal bearings, rotating shafts in housings	H7/f7, H8/f8
Sliding clearance	Small guaranteed clearance. Shaft slides but does not rotate.	Sliding keys, spigots, locating fits that must be dismantled	H7/g6
Close clearance	Very small clearance. May be wrung together. Located but removable.	Precision location, accurate centring	H7/h6
Transition	May be clearance or interference depending on actual dimensions. Located but requires light press for interference cases.	Keys, coupling hubs, gear blanks	H7/k6, H7/n6
Press (light interference)	Guaranteed interference. Assembly requires pressing. Part can be disassembled.	Gear hubs, pulleys, bushings	H7/p6, H7/r6
Force (heavy interference)	Large guaranteed interference. Assembly by pressing or heating/cooling. Disassembly may be destructive.	Permanent joints, interference-fitted pins, heavy-duty couplings	H7/s6, H7/u6

NPS	OD (mm)	Sch 40 WD (mm)	Sch 80 WD (mm)	Sch 160 WD (mm)
½"	21,3	2,77	3,73	4,78
1"	33,4	3,38	4,55	6,35
2"	60,3	3,91	5,54	8,74
4"	114,3	6,02	8,56	13,49
8"	219,1	8,18	12,70	23,01
12"	323,8	9,53	17,48	33,32

Historische Bezeichnung	Schedule-Äquivalent	Anmerkungen
Standard (STD)	Sch 40 (NPS ≤ 10") Sch 30 oder 40 (NPS > 10")	Entspricht Sch 40 bis 10". Weicht bei größeren Größen ab.
Extra Strong (XS)	Sch 80 (NPS ≤ 8") Weicht oberhalb NPS 8" ab	Nicht bei allen Größen identisch mit Sch 80
Double Extra Strong (XXS)	Kein direktes Äquivalent	XXS hat etwa die doppelte Wand von XS. Kein einzelnes Schedule-Äquivalent — dicker als Sch 160 bei kleineren Größen.

Werkstoff	ASTM-Spez.	Zul. Spannung 20°C (MPa)	Zul. Spannung 300°C (MPa)	Zul. Spannung 400°C (MPa)
Kohlenstoffstahl	A106 Gr.B	137,9	117,9	82,7
Kohlenstoffstahl	A53 Gr.B	103,4	89,6	62,1
Edelstahl 316L	A312 TP316L	115,1	107,2	91,7
Legierter Stahl	A335 P11	137,9	137,9	131,0

Schedule	Typische Anwendungen
Sch 10 / 5S	Niederdruck, nicht-korrosiver Betrieb. Häufig bei Edelstahl-Wasser- und sterilen Prozessleitungen. Druckluft, Instrumentenluft, Niederdruck-Dampfkondensat.
Sch 40 (STD)	Allgemeiner Prozessrohrleitungsbau, Versorgungseinrichtungen, mäßiger Druck und Temperatur. Der korrekte Standard für die meisten Kohlenstoffstahl-Prozessleitungen unter etwa 50–70 bar, je nach Größe und Temperatur.
Sch 80 (XS)	Höherer Druckbetrieb, erhöhte Temperatur bei Kohlenstoffstahl, Gewindeenden bei kleinen Nennweiten, Korrosionszuschläge, die die Kapazität von Sch 40 übersteigen.
Sch 120 / 160	Hochdruckprozess, Hochdruckdampf, Wasserstoffbetrieb (wo das Risiko der Wasserstoffversprödung zusätzliche Wand erfordert), Leitungen mit großen Korrosions-/Erosionszuschlägen.
XXS	Sehr hoher Druckbetrieb, typischerweise über 150–200 bar je nach Größe. Hydraulik- und Instrumentierungsrohre bei kleineren Größen.

Schedule	Applications typiques
Sch 10 / 5S	Basse pression, service non corrosif. Courant sur les lignes d'eau inoxydable et de procédé stérile. Air comprimé, air d'instrumentation, condensat de vapeur basse pression.
Sch 40 (STD)	Tuyauterie de procédé générale, utilités, pression et température modérées. Le choix par défaut correct pour la plupart des lignes de procédé en acier carbone en dessous d'environ 50–70 bar selon la taille et la température.
Sch 80 (XS)	Service à pression plus élevée, acier carbone à température élevée, extrémités filetées sur petit diamètre, surépaisseurs de corrosion dépassant la capacité du Sch 40.
Sch 120 / 160	Procédé haute pression, vapeur haute pression, service hydrogène (où le risque de fragilisation par l'hydrogène impose une paroi supplémentaire), lignes avec d'importantes surépaisseurs de corrosion/érosion.
XXS	Service à très haute pression, typiquement au-dessus de 150–200 bar selon la taille. Tubulure hydraulique et d'instrumentation aux petites tailles.

Designación heredada	Equivalente de schedule	Notas
Standard (STD)	Sch 40 (NPS ≤ 10") Sch 30 o 40 (NPS > 10")	Equivalente a Sch 40 hasta 10". Diverge en tamaños mayores.
Extra Strong (XS)	Sch 80 (NPS ≤ 8") Diverge por encima de NPS 8"	No idéntico a Sch 80 en todos los tamaños
Double Extra Strong (XXS)	Sin equivalente directo	El XXS tiene aproximadamente el doble de pared que el XS. Sin equivalente de schedule único — más grueso que Sch 160 en tamaños pequeños.

Schedule	Aplicaciones típicas
Sch 10 / 5S	Baja presión, servicio no corrosivo. Común en líneas de agua inoxidable y de proceso estéril. Aire comprimido, aire de instrumentos, condensado de vapor de baja presión.
Sch 40 (STD)	Tubería de proceso general, servicios, presión y temperatura moderadas. La opción por defecto correcta para la mayoría de las líneas de proceso de acero al carbono por debajo de aproximadamente 50–70 bar según tamaño y temperatura.
Sch 80 (XS)	Servicio a mayor presión, acero al carbono a temperatura elevada, extremos roscados en diámetros pequeños, sobreespesores de corrosión que superan la capacidad de Sch 40.
Sch 120 / 160	Proceso de alta presión, vapor de alta presión, servicio de hidrógeno (donde el riesgo de fragilización por hidrógeno exige pared adicional), líneas con grandes sobreespesores de corrosión/erosión.
XXS	Servicio de muy alta presión, típicamente por encima de 150–200 bar según el tamaño. Tubería hidráulica y de instrumentación en tamaños pequeños.

Oudere aanduiding	Schema-equivalent	Opmerkingen
Standard (STD)	Sch 40 (NPS ≤ 10") Sch 30 of 40 (NPS > 10")	Gelijk aan Sch 40 tot 10". Wijkt af bij grotere maten.
Extra Strong (XS)	Sch 80 (NPS ≤ 8") Wijkt af boven NPS 8"	Niet bij alle maten identiek aan Sch 80
Double Extra Strong (XXS)	Geen direct equivalent	XXS heeft ongeveer het dubbele van de wand van XS. Geen enkel schema-equivalent — dikker dan Sch 160 bij kleinere maten.

Désignation historique	Équivalent schedule	Remarques
Standard (STD)	Sch 40 (NPS ≤ 10") Sch 30 ou 40 (NPS > 10")	Équivalent au Sch 40 jusqu'à 10". Diverge aux tailles supérieures.
Extra Strong (XS)	Sch 80 (NPS ≤ 8") Diverge au-delà de NPS 8"	Non identique au Sch 80 à toutes les tailles
Double Extra Strong (XXS)	Aucun équivalent direct	Le XXS a environ le double de la paroi du XS. Aucun équivalent schedule unique — plus épais que le Sch 160 aux petites tailles.

Matériau	Spéc. ASTM	Contrainte adm. 20°C (MPa)	Contrainte adm. 300°C (MPa)	Contrainte adm. 400°C (MPa)
Acier carbone	A106 Gr.B	137,9	117,9	82,7
Acier carbone	A53 Gr.B	103,4	89,6	62,1
Inox 316L	A312 TP316L	115,1	107,2	91,7
Acier allié	A335 P11	137,9	137,9	131,0

Material	Espec. ASTM	Tensión adm. 20°C (MPa)	Tensión adm. 300°C (MPa)	Tensión adm. 400°C (MPa)
Acero al carbono	A106 Gr.B	137,9	117,9	82,7
Acero al carbono	A53 Gr.B	103,4	89,6	62,1
Inoxidable 316L	A312 TP316L	115,1	107,2	91,7
Acero aleado	A335 P11	137,9	137,9	131,0

Materiaal	ASTM-spec.	Toel. spanning 20°C (MPa)	Toel. spanning 300°C (MPa)	Toel. spanning 400°C (MPa)
Koolstofstaal	A106 Gr.B	137,9	117,9	82,7
Koolstofstaal	A53 Gr.B	103,4	89,6	62,1
Roestvast 316L	A312 TP316L	115,1	107,2	91,7
Legeringsstaal	A335 P11	137,9	137,9	131,0

Schema	Typische toepassingen
Sch 10 / 5S	Lage druk, niet-corrosieve dienst. Gebruikelijk bij roestvaststalen water- en steriele procesleidingen. Perslucht, instrumentenlucht, lagedruk-stoomcondensaat.
Sch 40 (STD)	Algemeen procesleidingwerk, nutsvoorzieningen, matige druk en temperatuur. De juiste standaardkeuze voor de meeste koolstofstalen procesleidingen onder ongeveer 50–70 bar, afhankelijk van maat en temperatuur.
Sch 80 (XS)	Hogere drukdienst, verhoogde temperatuur bij koolstofstaal, geschroefde uiteinden bij kleine boring, corrosietoeslagen die de capaciteit van Sch 40 overschrijden.
Sch 120 / 160	Hogedrukproces, hogedrukstoom, waterstofdienst (waar het risico op waterstofverbrossing extra wand vereist), leidingen met grote corrosie-/erosietoeslagen.
XXS	Zeer hogedrukdienst, doorgaans boven 150–200 bar afhankelijk van de maat. Hydraulische en instrumentatieleidingen bij kleinere maten.

NPS	OD (mm)	Sch 40 WT (mm)	Sch 80 WT (mm)	Sch 160 WT (mm)
½"	21.3	2.77	3.73	4.78
1"	33.4	3.38	4.55	6.35
2"	60.3	3.91	5.54	8.74
4"	114.3	6.02	8.56	13.49
8"	219.1	8.18	12.70	23.01
12"	323.8	9.53	17.48	33.32

Legacy designation	Schedule equivalent	Notes
Standard (STD)	Sch 40 (NPS ≤ 10") Sch 30 or 40 (NPS > 10")	Equivalent to Sch 40 up to 10". Diverges at larger sizes.
Extra Strong (XS)	Sch 80 (NPS ≤ 8") Diverges above NPS 8"	Not identical to Sch 80 at all sizes
Double Extra Strong (XXS)	No direct equivalent	XXS has approximately double the wall of XS. No single schedule equivalent — thicker than Sch 160 at smaller sizes.

Material	ASTM Spec	Allowable stress 20°C (MPa)	Allowable stress 300°C (MPa)	Allowable stress 400°C (MPa)
Carbon steel	A106 Gr.B	137.9	117.9	82.7
Carbon steel	A53 Gr.B	103.4	89.6	62.1
Stainless 316L	A312 TP316L	115.1	107.2	91.7
Alloy steel	A335 P11	137.9	137.9	131.0

Schedule	Typical applications
Sch 10 / 5S	Low pressure, non-corrosive service. Common in stainless water and sterile process lines. Compressed air, instrument air, low-pressure steam condensate.
Sch 40 (STD)	General process pipework, utilities, moderate pressure and temperature. The correct default for most carbon steel process lines below approximately 50–70 bar depending on size and temperature.
Sch 80 (XS)	Higher pressure service, elevated temperature carbon steel, threaded ends at small bore, corrosion allowances that exceed Sch 40 capacity.
Sch 120 / 160	High pressure process, high pressure steam, hydrogen service (where hydrogen embrittlement risk drives additional wall), lines with large corrosion/erosion allowances.
XXS	Very high pressure service, typically above 150–200 bar depending on size. Hydraulic and instrumentation tubing at smaller sizes.

Gruppe	Werkstofffamilie	Typische ASTM-Spez.
1.1	Kohlenstoffstahl (am häufigsten)	A105, A516 Gr.70, A350 LF2*
1.2	Kohlenstoffstahl — garantierte Kerbschlagzähigkeit	A350 LF2 Cl.1
1.3	Kohlenstoffstahl — hohe Streckgrenze	A694 F65
1.7	Niedriglegiert Cr-Mo	A182 F11, F22
1.9	Martensitischer Edelstahl	A182 F6a
1.13	Hochlegiert Cr-Mo-V	A182 F91
2.1	Austenitischer Edelstahl (304/304L)	A182 F304, F304L
2.2	Austenitischer Edelstahl (316/316L)	A182 F316, F316L
2.7	Duplex-Edelstahl	A182 F51 (2205)
2.8	Superduplex-Edelstahl	A182 F53 (2507)
3.3	Nickellegierung	A182 F625 (Inconel 625)
3.5	Nickel-Molybdän-Legierung	A182 F276 (Hastelloy C276)
3.7	Titan	B381 Gr.2

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Temperatur	Class 150	Class 300	Class 600	Class 900	Class 1500	Class 2500
−29 bis 38°C	19,6 bar	51,1 bar	102,1 bar	153,2 bar	255,3 bar	425,5 bar
100°C	17,7 bar	46,6 bar	93,2 bar	139,8 bar	233,1 bar	388,4 bar
150°C	15,8 bar	45,1 bar	90,2 bar	135,3 bar	225,5 bar	375,7 bar
200°C	13,8 bar	40,0 bar	80,0 bar	120,0 bar	200,0 bar	333,4 bar
300°C	12,1 bar	33,8 bar	67,5 bar	101,3 bar	168,9 bar	281,4 bar
400°C	9,5 bar	25,9 bar	51,9 bar	77,8 bar	129,7 bar	216,2 bar
425°C	9,3 bar	25,1 bar	50,1 bar	75,2 bar	125,3 bar	208,9 bar

Temperatur	Class 150 (2.1 — 304/304L)	Class 150 (2.2 — 316/316L)	Class 150 (1.1 — Kohlenstoff)
−29 bis 38°C	13,8 bar	15,9 bar	19,6 bar
100°C	12,6 bar	14,5 bar	17,7 bar
200°C	10,9 bar	12,6 bar	13,8 bar
300°C	10,3 bar	11,9 bar	12,1 bar
400°C	9,4 bar	10,9 bar	9,5 bar

Groupe	Famille de matériau	Spéc. ASTM typiques
1.1	Acier carbone (le plus courant)	A105, A516 Gr.70, A350 LF2*
1.2	Acier carbone — Charpy garanti	A350 LF2 Cl.1
1.3	Acier carbone — haute limite d'élasticité	A694 F65
1.7	Faiblement allié Cr-Mo	A182 F11, F22
1.9	Inoxydable martensitique	A182 F6a
1.13	Hautement allié Cr-Mo-V	A182 F91
2.1	Inoxydable austénitique (304/304L)	A182 F304, F304L
2.2	Inoxydable austénitique (316/316L)	A182 F316, F316L
2.7	Inoxydable duplex	A182 F51 (2205)
2.8	Inoxydable super duplex	A182 F53 (2507)
3.3	Alliage de nickel	A182 F625 (Inconel 625)
3.5	Alliage nickel-molybdène	A182 F276 (Hastelloy C276)
3.7	Titane	B381 Gr.2

Température	Classe 150	Classe 300	Classe 600	Classe 900	Classe 1500	Classe 2500
−29 à 38°C	19,6 bar	51,1 bar	102,1 bar	153,2 bar	255,3 bar	425,5 bar
100°C	17,7 bar	46,6 bar	93,2 bar	139,8 bar	233,1 bar	388,4 bar
150°C	15,8 bar	45,1 bar	90,2 bar	135,3 bar	225,5 bar	375,7 bar
200°C	13,8 bar	40,0 bar	80,0 bar	120,0 bar	200,0 bar	333,4 bar
300°C	12,1 bar	33,8 bar	67,5 bar	101,3 bar	168,9 bar	281,4 bar
400°C	9,5 bar	25,9 bar	51,9 bar	77,8 bar	129,7 bar	216,2 bar
425°C	9,3 bar	25,1 bar	50,1 bar	75,2 bar	125,3 bar	208,9 bar

Grupo	Familia de material	Espec. ASTM típicas
1.1	Acero al carbono (más común)	A105, A516 Gr.70, A350 LF2*
1.2	Acero al carbono — Charpy garantizado	A350 LF2 Cl.1
1.3	Acero al carbono — alto límite elástico	A694 F65
1.7	Baja aleación Cr-Mo	A182 F11, F22
1.9	Inoxidable martensítico	A182 F6a
1.13	Alta aleación Cr-Mo-V	A182 F91
2.1	Inoxidable austenítico (304/304L)	A182 F304, F304L
2.2	Inoxidable austenítico (316/316L)	A182 F316, F316L
2.7	Inoxidable dúplex	A182 F51 (2205)
2.8	Inoxidable superdúplex	A182 F53 (2507)
3.3	Aleación de níquel	A182 F625 (Inconel 625)
3.5	Aleación níquel-molibdeno	A182 F276 (Hastelloy C276)
3.7	Titanio	B381 Gr.2

Temperatura	Clase 150	Clase 300	Clase 600	Clase 900	Clase 1500	Clase 2500
−29 a 38°C	19,6 bar	51,1 bar	102,1 bar	153,2 bar	255,3 bar	425,5 bar
100°C	17,7 bar	46,6 bar	93,2 bar	139,8 bar	233,1 bar	388,4 bar
150°C	15,8 bar	45,1 bar	90,2 bar	135,3 bar	225,5 bar	375,7 bar
200°C	13,8 bar	40,0 bar	80,0 bar	120,0 bar	200,0 bar	333,4 bar
300°C	12,1 bar	33,8 bar	67,5 bar	101,3 bar	168,9 bar	281,4 bar
400°C	9,5 bar	25,9 bar	51,9 bar	77,8 bar	129,7 bar	216,2 bar
425°C	9,3 bar	25,1 bar	50,1 bar	75,2 bar	125,3 bar	208,9 bar

Groep	Materiaalfamilie	Typische ASTM-spec.
1.1	Koolstofstaal (meest voorkomend)	A105, A516 Gr.70, A350 LF2*
1.2	Koolstofstaal — gegarandeerde Charpy	A350 LF2 Cl.1
1.3	Koolstofstaal — hoge vloeigrens	A694 F65
1.7	Laaggelegeerd Cr-Mo	A182 F11, F22
1.9	Martensitisch roestvast	A182 F6a
1.13	Hooggelegeerd Cr-Mo-V	A182 F91
2.1	Austenitisch roestvast (304/304L)	A182 F304, F304L
2.2	Austenitisch roestvast (316/316L)	A182 F316, F316L
2.7	Duplex roestvast	A182 F51 (2205)
2.8	Super duplex roestvast	A182 F53 (2507)
3.3	Nikkellegering	A182 F625 (Inconel 625)
3.5	Nikkel-molybdeen-legering	A182 F276 (Hastelloy C276)
3.7	Titanium	B381 Gr.2

Temperatuur	Class 150	Class 300	Class 600	Class 900	Class 1500	Class 2500
−29 tot 38°C	19,6 bar	51,1 bar	102,1 bar	153,2 bar	255,3 bar	425,5 bar
100°C	17,7 bar	46,6 bar	93,2 bar	139,8 bar	233,1 bar	388,4 bar
150°C	15,8 bar	45,1 bar	90,2 bar	135,3 bar	225,5 bar	375,7 bar
200°C	13,8 bar	40,0 bar	80,0 bar	120,0 bar	200,0 bar	333,4 bar
300°C	12,1 bar	33,8 bar	67,5 bar	101,3 bar	168,9 bar	281,4 bar
400°C	9,5 bar	25,9 bar	51,9 bar	77,8 bar	129,7 bar	216,2 bar
425°C	9,3 bar	25,1 bar	50,1 bar	75,2 bar	125,3 bar	208,9 bar

温度 (°C)	Class 150	Class 300	Class 600	Class 900	Class 1500
20°C（常温）	19.8 bar	51.1 bar	102.1 bar	153.2 bar	255.3 bar
100°C	19.2 bar	50.0 bar	100.0 bar	150.0 bar	250.0 bar
200°C	17.7 bar	46.6 bar	93.2 bar	139.9 bar	233.1 bar
300°C	15.4 bar	38.6 bar	77.2 bar	115.8 bar	193.0 bar
400°C	10.2 bar	26.5 bar	53.0 bar	79.5 bar	132.5 bar
450°C	6.5 bar	16.5 bar	33.0 bar	49.6 bar	82.6 bar

Group	Material family	Typical ASTM specs
1.1	Carbon steel (most common)	A105, A516 Gr.70, A350 LF2*
1.2	Carbon steel — guaranteed Charpy	A350 LF2 Cl.1
1.3	Carbon steel — high yield	A694 F65
1.7	Low alloy Cr-Mo	A182 F11, F22
1.9	Martensitic stainless	A182 F6a
1.13	High alloy Cr-Mo-V	A182 F91
2.1	Austenitic stainless (304/304L)	A182 F304, F304L
2.2	Austenitic stainless (316/316L)	A182 F316, F316L
2.7	Duplex stainless	A182 F51 (2205)
2.8	Super duplex stainless	A182 F53 (2507)
3.3	Nickel alloy	A182 F625 (Inconel 625)
3.5	Nickel-molybdenum alloy	A182 F276 (Hastelloy C276)
3.7	Titanium	B381 Gr.2